LNG船消防监测 LNG Ship Fire Monitoring

LNG（液化天然气）船作为海上能源运输的核心载体，承载着 - 162℃超低温液化天然气的跨国运输使命，其货舱、机舱、燃料舱及管线系统密布，一旦发生局部过热、泄漏气化或电气短路，极易引发火灾、爆炸等灾难性事故。传统点式感温、感烟探测器存在监测盲区、响应滞后、抗干扰弱等短板，难以适配 LNG 船复杂密闭空间与极端工况需求。 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) ships, as the core carriers of maritime energy transportation, undertake the mission of transnational transportation of -162℃ ultra-low temperature liquefied natural gas. Their cargo holds, engine rooms, fuel tanks, and pipeline systems are densely distributed. Once local overheating, leakage gasification, or electrical short circuits occur, they can easily trigger catastrophic accidents such as fires and explosions. Traditional point-type temperature and smoke detectors have shortcomings such as monitoring blind spots, delayed response, and weak anti-interference, making it difficult to adapt to the complex enclosed spaces and extreme working conditions of LNG ships.

基于 ** 分布式光纤测温（DTS）** 技术的消防监测系统，以 “一根光纤覆盖全船” 的连续式感知能力，实现船体、货舱、机舱、管线全域温度实时监控与火灾风险精准预警，成为现代 LNG 船消防安全的核心技术方案，为航行安全筑牢全天候、无死角的智能防线。 The fire monitoring system based on **Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)** technology, with the continuous sensing capability of "one fiber covering the entire ship", realizes real-time monitoring of the global temperature of the hull, cargo hold, engine room, and pipelines, as well as precise early warning of fire risks. It has become the core technical solution for fire safety of modern LNG ships, building an all-weather, dead-angle-free intelligent defense line for navigation safety.

一、LNG 船消防监测：极端场景下的安全刚需 I. LNG Ship Fire Monitoring: Safety Necessity in Extreme Scenarios

1. 核心火灾风险源 1. Core Fire Risk Sources

货舱区域：LNG 货舱采用薄膜式或球形结构，内部维持 - 162℃超低温，若绝缘层破损、冷桥形成或外部热量侵入，会导致 LNG 急剧气化、舱压飙升，同时局部过热易引燃周边可燃气体。 Cargo Hold Area: LNG cargo holds adopt membrane or spherical structures, maintaining an ultra-low temperature of -162℃ inside. If the insulation layer is damaged, cold bridges form, or external heat invades, it will cause rapid gasification of LNG and a surge in cabin pressure, while local overheating can easily ignite surrounding flammable gases.

机舱区域：主机、发电机、锅炉、泵组等设备密集，存在电气短路、润滑油泄漏、高温排气等隐患，且空间密闭、通风受限，火灾蔓延速度极快。 Engine Room Area: Dense equipment such as main engines, generators, boilers, and pump sets present hidden dangers such as electrical short circuits, lubricating oil leakage, and high-temperature exhaust. The space is enclosed and ventilation is limited, so fire spreads extremely quickly.

燃料与管线区域：LNG 燃料罐、高低压输送管线、阀门、泵体等部位，泄漏的 LNG 遇热源会快速气化形成可燃混合气，极小火花即可引发爆燃。 Fuel and Pipeline Area: In parts such as LNG fuel tanks, high and low pressure transmission pipelines, valves, and pump bodies, leaked LNG will quickly gasify when encountering heat sources to form flammable gas mixtures, and a tiny spark can trigger deflagration.

特殊工况风险：船舶航行中的振动、摇摆、盐雾腐蚀，以及靠泊装卸时的操作冲击，易导致设备老化、管线破损，加剧火灾隐患。 Special Working Condition Risks: Vibration, rocking, salt spray corrosion during ship navigation, and operational impact during berthing and loading/unloading can easily lead to equipment aging and pipeline damage, exacerbating fire hazards.

2. 传统监测方案的短板 2. Shortcomings of Traditional Monitoring Solutions

监测盲区大：点式探测器仅能覆盖局部点位，无法感知舱壁、管线夹层、设备底部等隐蔽区域的温度异常。 Large Monitoring Blind Spots: Point detectors can only cover local points and cannot sense temperature anomalies in hidden areas such as cabin walls, pipeline interlayers, and equipment bottoms.

响应速度慢：依赖烟气或热量扩散触发，火灾初期阴燃阶段难以识别，错过最佳处置时机。 Slow Response Speed: Relying on smoke or heat diffusion to trigger, it is difficult to identify the initial smoldering stage of fires, missing the optimal disposal opportunity.

环境适配差：LNG 船存在强电磁干扰、盐雾腐蚀、极端温差（-162℃~+80℃），传统电子传感器易失效、精度漂移。 Poor Environmental Adaptability: LNG ships have strong electromagnetic interference, salt spray corrosion, and extreme temperature differences (-162℃~+80℃), causing traditional electronic sensors to easily fail and have accuracy drift.

维护成本高：船用传感器需定期校准、更换，海上运维难度大、成本高，且故障排查耗时费力。 High Maintenance Costs: Marine sensors require regular calibration and replacement, with high difficulty and cost of maritime operation and maintenance, and time-consuming troubleshooting.

二、分布式光纤测温（DTS）核心原理：光信号感知全域温度 II. Core Principle of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS): Optical Signal Perception of Global Temperature

1. 技术底层逻辑 1. Technical Underlying Logic

分布式光纤测温（DTS）系统基于拉曼散射效应与 ** 光时域反射（OTDR）** 两大核心原理，实现 “光纤即传感器” 的连续温度监测： The Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) system is based on two core principles: Raman scattering effect and **Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)**, realizing continuous temperature monitoring of "fiber as sensor":

• 激光发射：DTS 主机向感温光纤注入高频窄脉冲激光（典型波长 1550nm）。 Laser Emission: The DTS host injects high-frequency narrow pulse laser (typically 1550nm wavelength) into the temperature-sensitive optical fiber.
• 拉曼散射产生：激光在光纤中传输时，与光纤分子相互作用，产生斯托克斯光（温度不敏感，作为参考信号）与反斯托克斯光（温度敏感，强度随温度升高显著增强）。 Raman Scattering Generation: When laser light propagates in the optical fiber, it interacts with fiber molecules, generating Stokes light (temperature-insensitive, used as reference signal) and anti-Stokes light (temperature-sensitive, intensity significantly increases with temperature rise).
• 信号解调计算：主机接收背向散射光，通过计算两种光的强度比值，精准解算出光纤每一点的温度值。 Signal Demodulation Calculation: The host receives backscattered light and accurately calculates the temperature value at each point of the optical fiber by calculating the intensity ratio of the two types of light.
• 空间定位：结合光时域反射技术，根据散射光的回波时间，精准定位温度异常点的位置（定位精度可达 ±0.5 米）。 Spatial Positioning: Combined with optical time domain reflectometry technology, according to the echo time of scattered light, the position of temperature abnormal points is accurately located (positioning accuracy up to ±0.5 meters).

2. LNG 船适配核心优势 2. Core Advantages for LNG Ship Adaptation

• 本质安全：感温光纤无源、不导电、无火花风险，完美适配 LNG 船易燃易爆的防爆要求（满足 IEC 60079 船用防爆标准）。 Intrinsic Safety: Temperature-sensitive optical fibers are passive, non-conductive, and have no spark risk, perfectly adapting to the explosion-proof requirements of LNG ships (meeting IEC 60079 marine explosion-proof standards).
• 全域无盲区：单根光纤可连续监测 10km 范围，沿船体结构、货舱壁、机舱设备、管线螺旋 / 直线敷设，实现 360° 无死角覆盖。 Global No Blind Spots: A single optical fiber can continuously monitor a range of 10km, laid along the hull structure, cargo hold walls, engine room equipment, and pipelines in spiral/straight lines, achieving 360° dead-angle-free coverage.
• 极端环境耐受：特种铠装感温光纤可耐受 - 196℃~+750℃温差，抗盐雾、海水腐蚀、机械振动与船舶摇摆，适配海洋全工况。 Extreme Environment Tolerance: Special armored temperature-sensitive optical fibers can withstand temperature differences from -196℃ to +750℃, resist salt spray, seawater corrosion, mechanical vibration, and ship rocking, adapting to all marine working conditions.
• 高精度快响应：温度分辨率达 0.1℃，测温精度 ±1℃，响应时间＜1 秒，可捕捉火灾初期微温升，实现 “早发现、早预警”。 High Precision and Fast Response: Temperature resolution up to 0.1℃, temperature measurement accuracy ±1℃, response time ＜1 second, can capture micro temperature rise in the early stage of fire, realizing "early detection and early warning"
• 抗强电磁干扰：不受船舶电气设备、雷达、通信信号干扰，在复杂电磁环境下稳定运行。 Anti-strong Electromagnetic Interference: Not affected by ship electrical equipment, radar, and communication signals, stable operation in complex electromagnetic environments.
• 长寿命免维护：光纤寿命超 20 年，无电子元件老化问题，海上运维成本降低 90% 以上。 Long Lifespan and Maintenance-free: Optical fiber lifespan exceeds 20 years, no electronic component aging issues, maritime operation and maintenance costs reduced by more than 90%.

三、LNG 船 DTS 消防监测系统：全域部署方案 III. LNG Ship DTS Fire Monitoring System: Global Deployment Scheme

1. 核心监测区域全覆盖 1. Full Coverage of Core Monitoring Areas

（1）LNG 货舱区域（核心防护区） (1) LNG Cargo Hold Area (Core Protection Zone)

敷设方式：沿货舱内壁、绝缘层外侧、薄膜板、角隅处螺旋敷设感温光纤，覆盖所有易泄漏、过热点位。 Laying Method: Spiral laying of temperature-sensitive optical fibers along the inner walls of cargo holds, outer sides of insulation layers, membrane plates, and corners, covering all leak-prone and overheating points.

监测目标：实时监控货舱温度分布，识别绝缘层破损、冷桥、局部过热、LNG 泄漏气化导致的温度骤变（泄漏 LNG 气化吸热会引发局部温度骤降，后续复燃则温度骤升）。 Monitoring Target: Real-time monitoring of cargo hold temperature distribution, identifying temperature sudden changes caused by insulation layer damage, cold bridges, local overheating, and LNG leakage gasification (leaked LNG gasification endotherm will cause local temperature sudden drop, and subsequent reignition will cause temperature sudden rise).

预警逻辑：设置低温预警（＜-160℃）、高温预警（＞-150℃）、温升速率报警（＞5℃/min），联动货舱喷淋、惰化系统。 Early Warning Logic: Set low temperature warning (＜-160℃), high temperature warning (＞-150℃), temperature rise rate alarm (＞5℃/min), and link with cargo hold spray and inerting systems.

（2）船舶机舱区域 (2) Ship Engine Room Area

敷设方式：沿主机、发电机、锅炉、排气管、电缆桥架、油泵、油箱表面分段敷设，覆盖所有高温热源与可燃介质接触点。 Laying Method: Segmentally laid along the surfaces of main engines, generators, boilers, exhaust pipes, cable trays, oil pumps, and oil tanks, covering all high-temperature heat sources and contact points with flammable media.

监测目标：捕捉设备超温、电气短路、油液泄漏燃烧的初期温度异常，避免阴燃转为明火。 Monitoring Target: Capture initial temperature anomalies of equipment overheating, electrical short circuits, and oil leakage combustion, avoiding smoldering turning into open flame.

预警逻辑：分级设置报警阈值（一级预警 80℃、二级预警 120℃、火灾告警 180℃），联动机舱通风、泡沫灭火系统。 Early Warning Logic: Set graded alarm thresholds (level 1 warning 80℃, level 2 warning 120℃, fire alarm 180℃), and link with engine room ventilation and foam fire extinguishing systems.

（3）LNG 燃料与输送管线区域 (3) LNG Fuel and Transmission Pipeline Area

敷设方式：沿燃料罐外壁、高低压管线、阀门、泵体、法兰接头全程缠绕敷设，重点加密易泄漏接头部位。 Laying Method: Wrapped and laid along the outer walls of fuel tanks, high and low pressure pipelines, valves, pump bodies, and flange joints throughout, with重点加密 at leak-prone joint parts.

监测目标：监测管线温度异常、LNG 泄漏气化导致的局部温变，防止可燃混合气积聚爆燃。 Monitoring Target: Monitor pipeline temperature anomalies and local temperature changes caused by LNG leakage gasification, preventing flammable gas mixture accumulation and deflagration.

预警逻辑：温度异常波动立即报警，联动紧急切断阀、泄漏排放系统。 Early Warning Logic: Immediate alarm for temperature abnormal fluctuations, linking with emergency shut-off valves and leakage discharge systems.

（4）船体结构与密闭舱室 (4) Hull Structure and Enclosed Compartments

敷设方式：沿船体双层底、舷侧结构、密闭舱室、电缆通道敷设，覆盖隐蔽区域。 Laying Method: Laid along the ship's double bottom, side structures, enclosed compartments, and cable channels, covering hidden areas.

监测目标：监测结构过热、电缆老化、阴燃风险，避免火灾在隐蔽区域蔓延。 Monitoring Target: Monitor structure overheating, cable aging, and smoldering risks, avoiding fire spread in hidden areas.

2. 系统架构组成 2. System Architecture Components

• DTS 测温主机：安装于船舶驾驶室或中控室，具备双路 / 四路光纤通道，支持全船分区监测、数据存储、远程传输。 DTS Temperature Measurement Host: Installed in the ship's wheelhouse or central control room, with dual/four optical fiber channels, supporting full-ship partitioned monitoring, data storage, and remote transmission.
• 特种感温光纤：采用金属螺旋铠装、氟塑料护套，耐低温、耐腐蚀、抗机械损伤，适配船用防爆与海洋环境。 Special Temperature-Sensitive Optical Fiber: Adopting metal spiral armoring and fluoroplastic sheath, resistant to low temperature, corrosion, and mechanical damage, adapting to marine explosion-proof and marine environments.
• 船用监控平台：搭载船舶专用软件，实时显示全船温度热力图、异常点定位、历史曲线，支持声光报警、短信 / 船内广播推送。 Marine Monitoring Platform: Equipped with ship-specific software, real-time display of full-ship temperature thermal diagrams, abnormal point positioning, historical curves, supporting sound and light alarms, SMS/ship broadcast push.
• 应急联动模块：与船舶消防系统、惰化系统、紧急切断阀、通风系统联动，实现 “监测 - 预警 - 处置” 自动化。 Emergency Linkage Module: Linked with ship fire protection systems, inerting systems, emergency shut-off valves, and ventilation systems, realizing "monitoring-early warning-disposal" automation.

四、实际应用案例：DTS 系统守护 LNG 船航行安全 IV. Practical Application Cases: DTS System Safeguarding LNG Ship Navigation Safety

案例 1：17.4 万立方米大型 LNG 运输船监测项目 Case 1: 174,000 Cubic Meter Large LNG Carrier Monitoring Project

项目背景 Project Background

该船为全球主流大型 LNG 运输船，采用薄膜式货舱，航行于亚太 — 欧洲航线，途经高温海域与高寒区域，传统点式探测器多次出现监测盲区、误报问题，安全隐患突出。 This ship is a global mainstream large LNG carrier, adopting membrane cargo holds, sailing on Asia-Pacific-Europe routes, passing through high-temperature sea areas and cold regions. Traditional point detectors have repeatedly experienced monitoring blind spots and false alarm issues, with prominent safety hazards.

实施方案 Implementation Plan

全船部署4 通道 DTS 测温主机，敷设总长 8.2km 特种铠装感温光纤。 Deploy 4-channel DTS temperature measurement host throughout the ship, laying a total length of 8.2km special armored temperature-sensitive optical fiber.

• 货舱区域：4 个货舱各敷设 1.2km 光纤，覆盖内壁、绝缘层、角隅，空间分辨率 0.5 米。 Cargo Hold Area: 1.2km optical fiber laid in each of the 4 cargo holds, covering inner walls, insulation layers, and corners, with 0.5-meter spatial resolution.
• 机舱区域：敷设 2km 光纤，覆盖主机、锅炉、管线、电缆桥架。 Engine Room Area: 2km optical fiber laid, covering main engines, boilers, pipelines, and cable trays.
• 燃料系统：敷设 1.4km 光纤，覆盖 LNG 燃料罐、高低压管线、阀门组。 Fuel System: 1.4km optical fiber laid, covering LNG fuel tanks, high and low pressure pipelines, and valve groups.
• 监控平台：设置分级预警，接入船舶中控系统，支持全球远程监控。 Monitoring Platform: Set graded early warning, connected to the ship's central control system, supporting global remote monitoring.

实施效果 Implementation Effect

投用 18 个月内，精准预警 5 次货舱绝缘层破损导致的局部温变、3 次机舱设备超温、2 次管线接头泄漏隐患，所有异常均在初期被处置，未发生任何火灾事故。 Within 18 months of commissioning, it accurately early warned 5 local temperature changes caused by cargo hold insulation layer damage, 3 engine room equipment overheating incidents, and 2 pipeline joint leakage hazards. All abnormalities were handled in the early stage, and no fire accidents occurred.

监测无盲区、误报率＜0.1%，满足 IMO IGF Code、IGC Code 及 SOLAS 公约消防监测要求。 No monitoring blind spots, false alarm rate ＜0.1%, meeting IMO IGF Code, IGC Code, and SOLAS Convention fire monitoring requirements.

运维成本降低 85%，无需频繁校准传感器，获船级社（DNV、BV）安全认证。 Operation and maintenance costs reduced by 85%, no need for frequent sensor calibration, obtained safety certification from classification societies (DNV, BV).

案例 2：小型 LNG 燃料供应船安全升级 Case 2: Safety Upgrade of Small LNG Fuel Supply Ship

项目背景 Project Background

该船为沿海 LNG 燃料加注船，机舱与燃料舱空间狭小、设备密集，传统探测器无法覆盖管线夹层与设备底部，曾因局部过热导致设备故障。 This ship is a coastal LNG fuel bunkering vessel with small engine room and fuel tank spaces and dense equipment. Traditional detectors cannot cover pipeline interlayers and equipment bottoms, and equipment failures once occurred due to local overheating.

实施方案 Implementation Plan

采用紧凑型 DTS 系统，敷设 2.3km 感温光纤，全覆盖机舱、燃料罐、加注管线，设置温升速率（4℃/min）与定温（100℃）双重报警，联动加注泵紧急停机与通风系统。 Adopted a compact DTS system, laying 2.3km temperature-sensitive optical fiber to fully cover the engine room, fuel tanks, and bunkering pipelines, set dual alarms for temperature rise rate (4℃/min) and constant temperature (100℃), linking with bunkering pump emergency shutdown and ventilation systems.

实施效果 Implementation Effect

系统投用后，成功预警 1 次燃料管线泄漏气化导致的温度骤降，运维人员 10 分钟内完成修复，避免了泄漏扩大与爆燃风险，船舶顺利通过港口国监督检查（PSC）。 After the system was put into use, it successfully early warned 1 temperature sudden drop caused by fuel pipeline leakage gasification. Operation and maintenance personnel completed the repair within 10 minutes, avoiding leakage expansion and deflagration risks, and the ship successfully passed Port State Control (PSC) inspection.

五、合规与价值：满足国际标准，筑牢安全底线 V. Compliance and Value: Meeting International Standards, Building a Solid Safety Bottom Line

1. 国际合规适配 1. International Compliance Adaptation

• 满足SOLAS 公约第 II-2 章、IGC Code、IGF Code对船舶消防监测的强制要求。 Meet the mandatory requirements of SOLAS Convention Chapter II-2, IGC Code, and IGF Code for ship fire monitoring.
• 符合GB/T 24959-2019《冷冻轻烃流体 液化天然气运输船货舱内温度测量系统一般要求》。 Comply with GB/T 24959-2019 "Refrigerated Light Hydrocarbon Fluids - General Requirements for Temperature Measurement Systems in Cargo Holds of LNG Carriers".
• 通过船级社（DNV、LR、BV、CCS）型式认证，适配国际航行船舶合规要求。 Pass type certification from classification societies (DNV, LR, BV, CCS), adapting to compliance requirements for international navigation ships.

2. 核心应用价值 2. Core Application Value

• 保障人员安全：早期预警火灾风险，为船员疏散、应急处置争取充足时间，避免伤亡事故。 Ensure Personnel Safety: Early warning of fire risks,争取 sufficient time for crew evacuation and emergency response, avoiding casualties.
• 保护船舶资产：避免火灾、爆炸导致船体、货舱、设备损毁，减少数亿至数十亿元经济损失。 Protect Ship Assets: Avoid hull, cargo hold, and equipment damage caused by fires and explosions, reducing economic losses of hundreds of millions to billions of yuan.
• 保障运输安全：防止 LNG 泄漏、气化、爆燃，确保能源运输连续稳定，避免航线中断。 Ensure Transportation Safety: Prevent LNG leakage, gasification, and deflagration, ensure continuous and stable energy transportation, avoid route interruption.
• 降低运维成本：长寿命、免维护，减少海上检修频次与成本，提升船舶运营效率。 Reduce Operation and Maintenance Costs: Long lifespan, maintenance-free, reduce maritime inspection frequency and costs, improve ship operation efficiency.
• 提升行业竞争力：配备 DTS 智能消防监测系统，成为 LNG 船安全运营的核心技术标志，增强市场与合规竞争力。 Enhance Industry Competitiveness: Equipped with DTS intelligent fire monitoring system, becoming the core technical标志 of LNG ship safe operation, enhancing market and compliance competitiveness.

六、总结 VI. Summary

在 LNG 船安全运营体系中，分布式光纤测温（DTS）消防监测系统以全域感知、本质安全、极端适配、精准预警的核心优势，彻底解决了传统监测方案的盲区、滞后、失效难题，成为现代 LNG 船不可或缺的 “隐形安全防线”。 In the LNG ship safe operation system, the Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) fire monitoring system, with the core advantages of global perception, intrinsic safety, extreme adaptation, and precise early warning, completely solves the problems of blind spots, lag, and failure of traditional monitoring solutions, becoming an indispensable "invisible safety defense line" for modern LNG ships.

从超低温货舱到高温机舱，从长距离管线到隐蔽结构，DTS 系统以一根光纤守护全船温度安全，实时捕捉每一处细微温变，让火灾隐患无处遁形。随着全球 LNG 航运需求增长与安全标准升级，分布式光纤测温技术将成为 LNG 船消防监测的主流方案，为海上能源运输的安全、高效、绿色发展提供坚实可靠的技术支撑。 From ultra-low temperature cargo holds to high-temperature engine rooms, from long-distance pipelines to hidden structures, the DTS system safeguards the entire ship's temperature safety with a single optical fiber, real-time capturing every subtle temperature change, leaving no fire hazards undetected. With the growth of global LNG shipping demand and the upgrade of safety standards, distributed fiber optic temperature measurement technology will become the mainstream solution for LNG ship fire monitoring, providing solid and reliable technical support for the safe, efficient, and green development of maritime energy transportation.